The return of open weather will generally encourage rapid plant growth and canopy closure. This will offset some of the increase in insect mortality due to the higher temperatures we are now experiencing. Problems with thrips are all but over and current square retention levels are generally high. There has been some environmentally-caused square shed as well as some insect-induced square shed but fleahopper and plant bug numbers in cotton remain low.

Emerged overwintered boll weevil activity continues at a fairly brisk pace although it can be spotty. Trap catches have remained leveled at a plateau for the last 4 weeks. High risk fields have required 2-4 applications while many others have received 0-1 applications. Square damage has escalated in some fields in spite of overwintered boll weevil applications. This is the result of an extended emergence this year as a consequence of a mild winter and a late food supply last year. In general, traps are probably no longer reliable indicators of weevil activity in adjacent fields because of the distraction provided by all the squaring cotton.

Both bollworm and beet armyworm activity persists, creating some of the earliest problems I have ever observed. There have been no major outbreaks but some fields have needed a treatment and others may if the "nickel and dime" egg lay continues.

A few eggs of second generation southwestern corn borers are just now being found. Mites remain a non-problem following a month of rain. But with the return of hot, dry weather, corn producers will need to be on the guard for increases of this pest, especially if an insecticide is used for another pest problem. Sunflower moth activity is high in blooming fields. Make sure that fields are protected once the percent of the field blooming reaches around 20 percent.

With the return of open weather, cotton growth has and will be rapid in the coming days. Acreage losses thus far have added up to 200,000 acres leaving about 3.7 million acres standing for potential harvest at this time. This level of abandonment is well below our historical average.

The return of sunny, warm weather was a welcomed sight for area farmers following a month of cloudy, rain laden skies. The month of June brought record rains and lost ground as far as heat unit accumulation but overall we are still ahead of the historical average. And cotton has made great growth strides the last 10 days---finally looking like cotton with yield potential rather than a poor relation. Speaking of relatives, you might want to thank or curse my mother-in-law, depending upon what has happened on your farm. She came from Colorado for a month’s visit. The rain started when she came and stopped when she left. A mere coincidence? Truthfully, we get along great. I need to get her back down here in early August for some more rain.

Hot temperatures and lower humidity levels will push up mortality for weevils and worms. But the recent rapid growth spurt of cotton will accelerate canopy closure, resulting in more shade down the row "middles". This will offset somewhat the increased mortality due to higher daytime temperatures.

Thrips should be all but a distant memory (unpleasant for many) with the return of weather conditions favoring rapid plant growth. I see little reason to worry about these pests even in the latest planted cotton. I will share further results of our thrips control tests in a couple of weeks, after more fruiting data is collected.

Square Thieves Still On Vacation

Most cotton fields have excellent square retention levels, many in the 90% range even after three or more weeks. Both fleahopper and plant bug infestations remain spotty and widely scattered. I think that most of these pests are still in alternate hosts and could still represent a potential threat for later planted cotton. This would especially be true for plant bugs that can damage larger squares and small bolls. But it looks like we may dodge a year like 1999.

There are still some fields where square retention is dipping to unacceptable levels. A few of these instances involve fleahoppers or plant bugs but for the most part some other factor(s) appear to be responsible. PM 2200 appears to be the most commonly reported variety that has some unexplained square retention problems. This variety type is fairly light on hairs and therefore more prone to plant bug or fleahopper problems. They are also known to square "kind of funny" sometimes. Square initiation as high as the 8 to 10 node position is not uncommon. But quicker squaring rates usually make up for this slow start. But some fields have plants missing 3 to 4 positions without any observable insect problems. What gives? I really don’t know. But make sure you scout frequently to insure that insects are taken out of the problem equation.

Boll Weevils Move To Top Of List

There is no doubt that boll weevils have finally arrived for some folks this summer. Punctured square counts have escalated in many high risk fields outside of active eradication zones. These fields are often near towns or prime overwintering sites but can also be located in places that appear to be "safe" from early weevil colonization. This increased puncture square count is the result of overwintered boll weevil activity and not first summer generation weevils.

Red weevils have yet to appear which would signify that the first summer generation had arrived. What we have is an extended emergence due to a combination of factors, mainly the past warm winter and the availability of a late food source last year when the plant-killing freeze was delayed until well into November. Looking at GRID trap catches for the last four weeks (Table 1) it is clear that overwintered boll weevils have continued to emerge and enter fields at high levels. This could continue well into July.

Table 1. Total boll weevils caught per week and percent of traps catching boll weevils since April 24, 2000 in the GRID* trapping program.**

Week beginning	Total weevils caught	% of traps catching weevils
April 24	948	30
May 1	887	34
May 8	5243	67
May 15	1112	34
May 22	2106	45
May 29	1651	46
June 5	4163	56
June 12	3391	47
June 19	5684	49
June 26	3346	53

*A product of a partnership between Texas Agricultural Extension Service and Plains Cotton Growers.

**Includes three counties in the Rolling Plains.

A comparison of boll weevil trap catch distribution maps (Plains Cotton Growers Web Site) for weeks 24 through 26 clearly show that weevil numbers have remained at similar levels during this 3-week period. These maps also show the dramatic effect that eradication is having on adult boll weevil distribution across the High Plains. Now I know there are still traps in the Western and Permian Basin zones that are catching 5-16 weevils per week but this is way down from last year. Table 2 provides GRID trap data by zone and county that clearly shows these trends. Just look at Dawson, Gaines, Terry and Yoakum county trap catches. Then look at Briscoe, Crosby, Floyd, Garza, Hale and Lubbock counties. Quite a difference? And the zone averages tell the same story. The eradication program works!

Now I know you will also notice that in general, trap catches are averaging less than last year after 9 weeks of trapping, even outside of active eradication zones. What does this mean? There are a number of plausible explanations. I still think that emergence will continue for some time, eventually bringing total weevil catches for this year back to levels close to last year’s. Also, the cotton crop is earlier than last year in many areas. Once cotton begins to square, and especially once third grown squares are present, adult weevils enter cotton fields in droves, ignoring adjacent traps. Trap catches then drop even though there may be a lot of adult weevil movement into nearby fields.

Now this leads into another problem. If trap catches are declining as area cotton begins to square, then how does one know which fields might need an application for overwintered boll weevils? Trap catches are no longer a reliable decision aid once a field is squaring or much of the cotton surrounding the subject cotton field is squaring. This is why you will often see low trap catches yet still see too much boll weevil activity in a field. In these instances, switch immediately to field scouting to make sound decisions.

Once early punctured square counts exceed 10% it probably will take up to two applications to break the cycle. This is certainly true once this level of damage reaches 20 percent. Now we are talking about three applications, and more for the next generation. If damage reaches levels of 30, 40, or 50% this early in the game, you will need to do a reality check on just how deep your pockets really are. These types of fields are approaching the point where abandonment is a very real option.

Table 2. Week 26 – Accumulative average number of boll weevils caught per trap in the GRID* trapping program starting with week 18.**

Location	1999	2000
Northwest High Plains	31.8	14.9
Northern High Plains	59.0	49.2
Southern High Plains	87.9	52.3
Western High Plains	182.9	21.2
Permian Basin	90.5	22.5
Andrews	161.1	22.8
Bailey	35.5	15.1
Borden	64.1	40.0
Briscoe	65.3	56.5
Castro	10.3	6.0
Cochran	64.4	54.3
Crosby	116.0	94.1
Dawson	118.1	35.1
Deaf Smith	7.0	0.0
Floyd	45.1	83.6
Gaines	235.8	18.1
Garza	164.9	99.5
Hale	52.0	48.3
Hockley	50.3	29.4
Howard	95.0	17.6
Lamb	33.8	15.2
Lubbock	64.9	46.6
Lynn	67.5	29.1
Martin	42.7	11.8
Midland	33.6	12.3
Parmer	8.9	3.0
Swisher	50.0	34.6
Terry	119.1	19.1
Yoakum	150.2	20.6

*A product of a partnership between Texas Agricultural Extension Service and Plains Cotton Growers.

*This data represents the average number of weevils caught per trap catching weevils. Zeros are not counted. Refer to the Plains Cotton Growers, Inc. web page for actual total numbers caught and percent of traps catching weevils each week.

Cotton Remains "Wormy"

Early bollworm activity has continued across the area this past week with moths depositing eggs in many cotton fields. Some fields have received sufficient pressure to require a treatment. Where boll weevils are not a factor, pyrethroid alternatives should be considered in an effort to avoid flaring aphids this early. Several products come to mind including Tracer, Larvin, Lannate, and any one of the Bt products. Leverage is a formulation of the pyrethroid, Baythroid, and Provado. The Provado is a recommended aphicide. This commercial formulation might be just the ticket as long as aphid numbers are low and the cotton is not under any significant stress.

Continue to use a treatment level of 5,000 small worms as a pre-bloom threshold but increase to 10,000 per acre once cotton in blooming and bolls are present. I know our cotton guide lists 5,000 per acre and not the 10,000 I recommend but the 5,000 level is for situations where worms are 1/4 inch or less in length and the person scouting is relatively inexperienced at finding small larvae. My experience would indicate that under these circumstances, these folks will find only 50% of what I will find. It is up to you to rate your ability.

Where the egg lay trickles in at sub treatment levels consider putting a halt to this "nickel and dime" egg lay cycle once you have accumulated 5,000 worms per acre for a two week period and larger larvae are being found indicating some survival. Whether this treatment will pay really depends upon how long this present cycle continues. Not being a soothsayer, I wouldn’t know. Also, don’t mistake small square damage by bollworms as fleahopper damage. A small hole (look carefully) indicates a worm of some sort, not a bug.

Beet armyworm activity also continues across the area but rarely reaching levels that warrant treatment taken alone. But when mixed with bollworms, an infestation may trigger a treatment. A mixture of these two pests might require a different approach. Tracer is still a possibility, as is Intrepid, Steward, and Denim.

Texas BWEF Technical Advisory Committee Report

I participated in a Technical Advisory Committee meeting for the Texas Boll Weevil Eradication Foundation, held in Corpus Christi on June 28. This was my third meeting attended but my first as an official member of the committee. Dr. Ray Frisbie, Head of the Department of Entomology at Texas A&M University chairs this committee. This was also the first meeting since Dr. Charles Allen took over the reins of the Foundation since Osama El-Lissy left for Washington, D.C. This report is my way of keeping producers posted as to what is happening on the technical end of eradication. It is not complete by any means and only presents some of the highlights as I see it.

The agenda for the all day session was full and included a review of eradication progress to date, a review of the operational criteria and biological basis for such criteria for applications, discussion of the malathion use rate, approval of the operational plan for the Northern High Plains Zone, protocols for handling organic cotton, quarantine regulations, resistance monitoring, discussion of alternative insecticides, and other issues.

A survey of selected cotton fields across West Texas in September, 1999 revealed the percent damaged boll tallies in Table 3. I think it is clear to all that eradication at any stage of the program is having a significant impact.

Table 3. Percent damaged bolls during a late season survey in West Texas, September, 1999.

Zone	Active?	Percent boll damage
Northwest	Y	17.4
Northern Rolling Plains	Y	25.8
Rolling Plains Central	Y	0.2
Permian Basin	Y	21.3
Western	Y	29.4
St. Lawrence	N	5.1*
Southern High Plains/Caprock	N	72.8
Northern High Plains	N	79.2

*Conducts annual diapause program.

Charles Allen reviewed treatment criteria for spring applications. The Foundation has been following the square development times listed in B-933, Identification, Biology and Sampling of Cotton Insects, which lists 9-10 days for pinhead to matchhead square development and 3-6 days to third grown squares. Our cotton insect management guide indicates about 8 days from pinhead to third grown squares. This is a much narrower target window for overwintered boll weevil application than the Foundation is using. So don’t be critical if you think the Foundation is being overly aggressive with the first applications. There is not much room for error.

Charles reminded the group that the goal of a producer in managing boll weevils is to delay the development of economically damaging infestations until the third generation. The goal of eradication is to eliminate all reproduction and limit mid-season applications. Producers deal with individual fields, Foundation personnel deal with the logistics of huge acreage that must be treated in a timely manner. An aggressive early program helps minimize the development of later secondary pest problems. Also, since traps are read once per week, this poses logistical problems in scheduling applications in a timely manner. A missed overwintered boll weevil application can lead to additional mid and late season applications.

The trapping criteria are as follows: 2 weevils per 40 acres (there is a trap per 5 acres). One weevil per 40 acres is being used in the northern part of the Northwest Zone. The mid-season trigger is 2-5 weevils, depending upon the level of risk of secondary pest problems and the late season trigger is 2 weevils per 40 acres trapped in the first year. A field meets pinhead treatment criteria if 50% of the older plants examined have a pinhead-size square or if one or more matchhead-size squares are found. Volunteer cotton (a problem arising from our mild winter) is causing problems here.

The existing criterion for initiation of early diapause treatments is when a field has 25-50% cracked bolls. These applications are usually the August applications. Dr. Don Rummel and I presented a proposal to revise this criterion for the High Plains Zones, which was approved. It basically states that in the first eradication year, the full diapause program must start by the second week in September but no earlier than the first week in September. Early applications (August) would be applied on the cracked boll basis because these fields would have the lowest risk of developing secondary pest problems due to these early applications. Any high risk fields (high numbers of boll weevil adults) could also be added to the treatment list. These early applications would be targeting the adults of the last reproductive generation. There is little risk until after mid September of producing diapausing boll weevils that successfully pass the winter to lay eggs in squaring cotton the following year.

The malathion use rate was discussed in light of the results of preliminary resistance monitoring studies conducted by Dr. Patricia Pietrantonio, toxicologist with Texas A&M University, and control problems reported from the South Texas/Winter Garden program area. The committee decided that the resistance monitoring information was too limited at this time and that the control problems could be related to deposition difficulties associated with high winds. Further deposition work was recommended to the Foundation and more monitoring studies will be conducted, extending up into the High Plains. The 12 ounce rate will continue to be used.

The committee discussed the new rules pertaining to organic cotton in active eradication zones. Apparently approximately 3,000 acres of organic production was not planted this year in the High Plains Zones as a result of an agreement with the local steering committees and a payment provided for compensation. Most of the organic cotton still planted is in the Permian Basin Zone. The committee discussed criteria for determining when an organic field must be destroyed. Under consideration for the first full season program year is a dual trigger involving trap catches and documentation that reproduction is taking place in the field in question. Only trap criteria would be used in the subsequent years. The treatment criteria are still under consideration as I write this.

Quarantine regulations were discussed in light of the status of the first eradication zone, the Southern Rolling Plains. Ed Gage of TDA is working on treatment protocols for re-infestations and Dr. Tom Fuchs, IPM Coordinator for Texas A&M University, is developing the educational materials for gins and producers.

I brought up the topic of insecticide alternatives to the ULV malathion used by the Foundation. West Texas producers were recently provided an additional alternative class when the pyrethroids were added to this list. Pyrethroids fit very well when a field triggers and producers must treat for bollworms. But a field receiving an alternative insecticide must have two applications to replace the one ULV malathion required. If producers opt not to put on a second application, the Foundation will do it with ULV malathion. In other words, the producer is not required to put on this second application. But if producers want to have a say in what goes out, they must do it themselves.

I thought the meeting went very well, was highly productive and discussions were very open and constructive. JFL

This week has been fairly quiet for corn pests, but second generation southwestern corn borer (SWCB) have just begun to fly in the area. Egg masses were found Thursday in Hale County. Approximately 30 percent of SWCB are now in the pupal stage, and most of the rest are fourth or fifth instar larvae and a few are flying now. The next issue of FOCUS will provide extensive information on scouting for this pest and examine action thresholds and insecticides.

Pheromone traps are still catching small numbers of European and southwestern corn borer moths, but these are inconsequential.

Small mite colonies can still be found in some fields. While recent rains have helped ease the early mite problems, the long range forecast is calling for hot and dry weather. Mite populations can increase rapidly under these conditions, especially in drought stressed fields that have been treated with insecticide for SWCB or corn rootworm adults. RPP

Greg Cronholm (Extension Agent-IPM Hale/Swisher Counties) has been monitoring sunflower moth populations and reports heavy infestations in some fields entering bloom. Moths are highly attracted to fields that are just beginning to bloom. Most of the egg laying will occur over the first 4 to 7 days of bloom. Young larvae spend their first 5 to 6 days feeding on floral parts or pollen, but after that, they enter seed and are much more difficult to control. A single larva can consume up to 12 seeds during its 15 to 19 day tenure in the larval stage. Insecticide should be applied at 20 to 25 percent bloom AND when at least one moth can be found in a field. Additional applications may be justified on a 5 day interval under heavy moth pressure. Management can be a problem in field that flower over an extended period of time. The previous issue of FOCUS illustrated sunflower moth adults and larvae. RPP

Situation Report

The badly needed open weather has arrived. Conditions have been very favorable for crop growth over the last week. Heat unit accumulation has returned to near normal, with about 20 per day for the past few days. Our DD60 or heat unit "surplus" compared to the long-term average from May 1st is about +7% at Halfway, +13% at Lubbock, and +16% at Lamesa, which is similar to last week. With all of the crop attrition out there, I suspect we may be at a total of about 200K acres lost to various perils. This will put us at somewhere around 3.7 million remaining acres if the USDA estimates are correct. Thus far, we are looking at only about 5% total abandoned acres for the 2000 crop year, versus about 17% for the last several years.

Fertilizer Costs

The good growing conditions have generated a lot of calls from producers. Many have asked about the benefits of foliar fertilization versus soil applications. It is imperative that the crop be properly fertilized through traditional soil applications or fertigation. When one calculates the amount of fertilizer (lbs of actual nutrients on a per acre basis) applied via foliar applications, and then compares that to the crop needs (about 50-60 lb actual N/bale of cotton produced), there is no way that foliar applications can meet crop requirements. If one assumes that a foliar fertilizer weighs 12 lb/gallon and has about 16% N, and one gallon/acre is applied, then the crop is only going to receive (12 lb x 16% N = 1.9 lb) under 2 lb of N/acre. This is not enough to satisfy crop requirements.

Another factor to consider is price per pound of actual N. First determine the cost per ton of the source material. Then calculate the pounds of actual N per ton of material. For the example below, 32-0-0 fluid fertilizer material is used. Multiply 32% x 2000 = 640 lbs actual N per ton of fertilizer. Next divide the cost per ton of material by pounds of actual N per ton:

$135 per ton (MSRP) / 640 lbs actual N per ton = $0.211 / lb of actual N from 32-0-0

The per unit cost of nutrients can vary considerably, especially for foliar-feed type materials.

Roundup Ultra Past the 4-Leaf Stage

We have been getting questions concerning Roundup Ultra applications on cotton, which is past the 4-leaf over-the-top (OT) window. With all of the rainfall across the region and the windy conditions, the technological bottleneck has posed some serious weed control challenges. If an OT application of 1 qt/acre is made past the 4-leaf stage, one would still be "on label" but into what is considered a "salvage-type" application. Based on various experiences, it is possible that fruit retention on 3 nodes will be affected when making OT applications of Roundup Ultra past the 4-leaf cutoff. One can expect fruit on the next 3 nodes (which would currently be in the terminal) to be most affected, with poor pollination, and perhaps boll shed from these sites.

Most problems reported from across the Cotton Belt relating to Roundup generally have been related to poor pollination causing so-called parrot beaked bolls and possibly subsequent boll shed, not small square loss. With the lush cotton and high humidity, we have very little "barking over" of cotton plants in most fields. This situation may likely contribute to increased yield problems with "salvage applications" this year. Of course one has to factor in weed population effects on yield, the harvestabilty of the field due to large weeds, etc. into an "economic analysis" of each field situation.

Previous work conducted in the High and Rolling Plains indicates that anywhere from 0 to 50% yield reduction may be encountered with salvage-type applications past the four leaf stage. The critical issue is the crop’s ultimate environment and the ability to compensate for the losses of the fruiting sites by retention of bolls up the plant and out on the fruiting branches.

For the past several years, the fall has been fairly kind and has allowed later set bolls to fully mature, perhaps reducing yield loss potential due to crop compensation. A few trials kept "weed free" have been conducted across the area over the last few years to determine the effects of Roundup Ultra treatments. In these tests, Roundup Ultra applications were made at various crop stages, and non-sprayed checks were included as reference points. In a replicated test (with relatively low overall lint yields) conducted with 8 Roundup Ready varieties at the Lubbock Center in 1999, the untreated and grower standard treatment (1 qt/acre at the 4-leaf stage followed by 1 qt/acre applied with a hooded sprayer at 14 nodes) produced about 1 bale per acre each and were not statistically different. However, the 14-node OT "salvage treatment" significantly reduced lint yield about 10% and delayed maturity by 13% compared to the untreated check and grower standard. When averaged across varieties and replications, the grower standard treatment did not differ from the untreated check, but the 14-node OT salvage system reduced boll size by 9% and seed per boll by 16 percent.

In a higher yielding (about 2 bale/acre) trial conducted in Swisher County in 1999, the grower standard Roundup Ultra program had no effect on yield of Paymaster 2200RR compared to untreated. However, the Roundup Ultra salvage treatment of 1 qt/acre applied OT at 14 nodes reduced lint yields by 22% compared to the untreated check. The Monsanto supplemental label for Roundup Ready Ultra for use in Roundup Ready cotton states: "Salvage treatments will result in significant boll loss, delayed maturity and/or yield loss. No more than one salvage treatment should be used per growing season."

With cotton development rapidly progressing, it is important to also consider the requirements for a successful post-directed or hooded Roundup Ultra application program. The Roundup Ultra label states that herbicide applications may be made using precision post-directed or hooded sprayers through lay-by. The spray should be directed to the bottom of the plants, with minimal contact of the spray with the leaves. Nozzles should be placed in a low position with a horizontal spray pattern directed under the cotton leaves to contact weeds in the row. Use less than 30 psi operating pressure. Weeds should be targeted when less than 3 inches in size. No single post-directed application should exceed 1 qt/acre, with no more than two applications between the fifth leaf and lay-by should be made. If sequential applications are used, then a minimum of 10 days and 2 mainstem nodes of incremental growth are required between applications.

More Pix Questions

I continue to receive questions pertaining to the use of mepiquat chloride (or Pix), especially since we have exited out of a month of rainy weather. See FOCUS issue dated June 23rd for a discussion on this.

Verticillium Wilt Observed

Dr. Terry Wheeler (Experiment Station plant pathologist at Lubbock) has observed some verticillium wilt symptoms in some cotton fields in the region. This is due to the ubiquitous presence of the organism and recent environmental conditions. The disease is favored by cool air and soil temperatures, and in excessively moist soils. High N rates tend to promote the disease. The organism is present in the soil and first infects roots, then colonizes the xylem (water conducting) tissue in the mainstem. Irregular chlorotic areas appear between the veins and on the margins of the first true leaves, which result in a mottled appearance. Defoliation and plant death can occur if environmental conditions favor disease development. Hopefully, we will soon get back on track with normal temperatures and humidity conditions. Many modern varieties are reported to exhibit at least some tolerance to the disease. RB

Relatively cool, humid conditions early in the week were followed by warmer, drier conditions later in the week. If the hot, dry weather persists, we should see increased crop water demands during the next week. In much of the South Plains, corn is at or near its peak water use stage (tassel through milk stages). Cotton, peanuts, and sorghum are more variable in growth stage, and hence, variable in water demand. Since soils vary in their capacities to store soil moisture, it is a good idea to continue with soil moisture monitoring as part of your irrigation scheduling program.

Table 4. Data from the South Plains PET Network, June 28-July 4, 2000:

*	Reference	*	Estimated Crop PET in inches [a]
	PET (inches)	Rain (inches)	Cotton			Sorghum		Corn
			1st square	1st bloom	Max bloom	5-leaf	flag leaf	tassel	blister
Lubbock	1.23	0.87	0.27	0.54	1.35	0.86	1.17	1.54	1.60
Lamesa	1.78	1.31	0.39	0.78	1.96	1.25	1.69	2.23	2.31
Halfway	1.24	0.61	0.27	0.55	1.36	0.87	1.18	1.55	1.61
Seminole [b]	1.86	--	0.41	0.82	2.05	1.30	1.77	2.33	2.42
Ropesville	1.70	2.01	0.37	0.75	1.87	0.99	1.62	2.13	2.21

[a] Potential Evapotranspiration, often referred to as "PET", is an estimate of crop water demand based upon weather data. Actual water use by a crop, referred to as "crop ET", will vary with soil and crop conditions, and often will be less than the crop’s PET.

[b] Site is actually closer to Denver City. Electrical problems at the site have resulted in questionable data. Please accept our apologies for the inconvenience.

 

PET varies with growth stage (planting date and accumulation of heat units) and crop. You are encouraged to customize your crop water use estimate by multiplying the reference PET value by the appropriate crop coefficient. Crop coefficients for additional crops and growth stages are available from the Texas PET Website at the following:

 

High Plains Corn - http://texaset.tamu.edu/include/crop/corn.html

High Plains Cotton - http://texaset.tamu.edu/include/crop/cotton.html

High Plains Sorghum - http://texaset.tamu.edu/include/crop/sorghum.html

Other Crops - http://texaset.tamu.edu/include/crop/cropcoe.html

Turf — http://texaset.tamu.edu/turf.asp

PET data and weather data for Halfway, Lamesa, Lubbock, Seminole, and Ropesville are available at: [http://achilleus.tamu.edu/data/data.html].

The Northern High Plains PET Network provides detailed PET estimates by crop and by planting date for Bushland, Dalhart, Dimmitt, Earth, Etter, Farwell, Morse, Perryton, Wellington, and White Deer. Current data are available at http://amarillo2.tamu.edu/nppet/station.htm. DP

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